  
  [1X3 [33X[0;0YInfrastructure[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YMost of the details in this chapter are of a technical nature; the user need
  only skim over this chapter on a first reading. Mostly, it is enough to know
  that[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yyou  must  do  a  [10XLoadPackage("anupq");[110X before you can expect to use a
        command  defined by the [5XANUPQ[105X package (details are in Section [14X'[33X[0;0YLoading
        the ANUPQ Package[133X'[114X);[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Ypartial  results  of  [5XANUPQ[105X commands and some other data are stored in
        the  [10XANUPQData[110X  global variable (details are in Section [14X'[33X[0;0YThe ANUPQData
        Record[133X'[114X);[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Ydoing [10XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, [3Xn[103X[10X);[110X for [3Xn[103X greater than the default value
        1  will give progressively more information of what is going on [21Xbehind
        the scenes[121X (details are in Section [14X'[33X[0;0YSetting the Verbosity of ANUPQ via
        Info and InfoANUPQ[133X'[114X);[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yin  Section [14X'[33X[0;0YUtility Functions[133X'[114X we describe some utility functions and
        functions  that  run  examples from the collection of examples of this
        package;[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yin  Section [14X'[33X[0;0YAttributes  and  a  Property  for  fp and pc p-groups[133X'[114X we
        describe  the  attributes  and property [10XNuclearRank[110X, [10XMultiplicatorRank[110X
        and [10XIsCapable[110X; and[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yin  Section [14X'[33X[0;0YHints  and  Warnings  regarding  the  use  of Options[133X'[114X we
        describe  some  troubleshooting strategies. Also this section explains
        the  utility of setting [10XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions := true;[110X (particularly
        for  novice users) for detecting misspelt options and diagnosing other
        option usage problems.[133X
  
  
  [1X3.1 [33X[0;0YLoading the ANUPQ Package[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YTo  use  the  [5XANUPQ[105X  package,  as with any [5XGAP[105X package, it must be requested
  explicitly. This is done by calling[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XLoadPackage( "anupq" );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X---------------------------------------------------------------------------[128X[104X
    [4X[28XLoading    ANUPQ (ANU p-Quotient) 3.1[128X[104X
    [4X[28XGAP code by  Greg Gamble <Greg.Gamble@uwa.edu.au> (address for[128X[104X
    [4X[28Xcorrespondence)[128X[104X
    [4X[28X           Werner Nickel (http://www.mathematik.tu-darmstadt.de/~nickel/)[128X[104X
    [4X[28X           [uses ANU pq binary (C code program) version: 1.9][128X[104X
    [4X[28XC code by  Eamonn O'Brien (https://www.math.auckland.ac.nz/~obrien)[128X[104X
    [4X[28XCo-maintained by Max Horn <max.horn@uni-siegen.de>[128X[104X
    [4X[28X[128X[104X
    [4X[28X            For help, type: ?ANUPQ[128X[104X
    [4X[28X---------------------------------------------------------------------------[128X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  since the [5XANUPQ[105X package uses the [10XAutomorphimGroupPGroup[110X function
  of the [5XAutPGrp[105X package and, in any case, often needs other [5XAutPGrp[105X functions
  when computing descendants, the user must ensure that the [5XAutPGrp[105X package is
  also  installed,  at  least  version  1.5.  If  the  [5XAutPGrp[105X  package is not
  installed, the [5XANUPQ[105X package will [9Xfail[109X to load.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YAlso,  if  [5XGAP[105X cannot find a working [10Xpq[110X binary, the call to [10XLoadPackage[110X will
  return [9Xfail[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  you  want  to  load  the  [5XANUPQ[105X  package  by  default,  you  can put the
  [10XLoadPackage[110X  command  into  your  [10Xgap.ini[110X  file  (see Section [14XReference: The
  gap.ini and gaprc files[114X in the [5XGAP[105X Reference Manual). By the way, the novice
  user of the [5XANUPQ[105X package should probably also append the line[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[28XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions := true;[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yto  their  [10Xgap.ini[110X file, somewhere after the [10XLoadPackage( "anupq" );[110X command
  (see [2XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions[102X ([14X3.6-1[114X)).[133X
  
  
  [1X3.2 [33X[0;0YThe ANUPQData Record[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  section  contains  fairly technical details which may be skipped on an
  initial reading.[133X
  
  [1X3.2-1 ANUPQData[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XANUPQData[102X[32X global variable[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yis  a [5XGAP[105X record in which the essential data for an [5XANUPQ[105X session within [5XGAP[105X
  is stored; its fields are:[133X
  
  [8X[10Xbinary[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe path of the [10Xpq[110X binary;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xtmpdir[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  path  of  the  temporary  directory used by the [10Xpq[110X binary and [5XGAP[105X
        (i.e. the directory in which all the [10Xpq[110X's temporary files are created)
        (also see [2XANUPQDirectoryTemporary[102X ([14X3.2-2[114X) below);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xoutfile[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe full path of the default [10Xpq[110X output file;[133X
  
  [8X[10XSPimages[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  full  path of the file [10XGAP_library[110X to which the [10Xpq[110X program writes
        its Standard Presentation images;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xversion[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe version of the current [10Xpq[110X binary;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xni[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ya  data  record  used  by  non-interactive  functions  (see  below and
        Chapter [14X'[33X[0;0YNon-interactive ANUPQ functions[133X'[114X);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xio[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ylist  of  data  records  for  [10XPqStart[110X  (see below and [2XPqStart[102X ([14X5.1-1[114X))
        processes;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xtopqlogfile[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yname of file logged to by [10XToPQLog[110X (see [2XToPQLog[102X ([14X3.4-7[114X)); and[133X
  
  [8X[10Xlogstream[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ystream of file logged to by [10XToPQLog[110X (see [2XToPQLog[102X ([14X3.4-7[114X)).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YEach time an interactive [5XANUPQ[105X process is initiated via [10XPqStart[110X (see [2XPqStart[102X
  ([14X5.1-1[114X)),  an  identifying  number  [3XioIndex[103X is generated for the interactive
  process  and  a  record [10XANUPQData.io[[3XioIndex[103X[10X][110X with some or all of the fields
  listed  below is created. Whenever a non-interactive function is called (see
  Chapter [14X'[33X[0;0YNon-interactive  ANUPQ  functions[133X'[114X),  the  record  [10XANUPQData.ni[110X  is
  updated  with  fields that, if bound, have exactly the same purpose as for a
  [10XANUPQData.io[[3XioIndex[103X[10X][110X record.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xstream[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe   IOStream   opened  for  interactive  [5XANUPQ[105X  process  [3XioIndex[103X  or
        non-interactive [5XANUPQ[105X function;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xgroup[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  group  given  as  first  argument  to [10XPqStart[110X, [10XPq[110X, [10XPqEpimorphism[110X,
        [10XPqDescendants[110X or [10XPqStandardPresentation[110X (or any synonymous methods);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xhaspcp[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis  bound  and  set to [9Xtrue[109X when a pc presentation is first set inside
        the [10Xpq[110X program (e.g. by [10XPqPcPresentation[110X or [10XPqRestorePcPresentation[110X or
        a   higher   order   function   like   [10XPq[110X,   [10XPqEpimorphism[110X,  [10XPqPCover[110X,
        [10XPqDescendants[110X  or  [10XPqStandardPresentation[110X that does a [10XPqPcPresentation[110X
        operation,  but  [13Xnot[113X [10XPqStart[110X which only starts up an interactive [5XANUPQ[105X
        process);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xgens[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ya  list  of  the generators of the group [10Xgroup[110X as strings (the same as
        those passed to the [10Xpq[110X program);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xrels[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ya  list  of  the  relators  of the group [10Xgroup[110X as strings (the same as
        those passed to the [10Xpq[110X program);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xname[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  name  of  the group whose pc presentation is defined by a call to
        the  [10Xpq[110X  program  (according to the [10Xpq[110X program -- unless you have used
        the  [10XGroupName[110X  option  (see  e.g. [2XPq[102X ([14X4.1-1[114X)) or applied the function
        [10XSetName[110X (see [2XSetName[102X ([14XReference: Name[114X)) to the group, the [21Xgeneric[121X name
        [10X"[grp]"[110X is set as a default);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xgpnum[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yif  not  a  null string, the [21Xnumber[121X (i.e. the unique label assigned by
        the [10Xpq[110X program) of the last descendant processed;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xclass[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  largest lower exponent-[22Xp[122X central class of a quotient group of the
        group (usually [10Xgroup[110X) found by a call to the [10Xpq[110X program;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xforder[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  factored  order of the quotient group of largest lower exponent-[22Xp[122X
        central  class found for the group (usually [10Xgroup[110X) by a call to the [10Xpq[110X
        program  (this  factored order is given as a list [10X[p,n][110X, indicating an
        order of [22Xp^n[122X);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xpcoverclass[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  lower  exponent-[22Xp[122X  central  class  of  the  [22Xp[122X-covering group of a
        [22Xp[122X-quotient  of  the  group  (usually  [10Xgroup[110X) found by a call to the [10Xpq[110X
        program;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xworkspace[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  workspace  set  for  the  [10Xpq[110X  process  (either  given as a second
        argument to [10XPqStart[110X, or set by default to 10000000);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xmenu[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe  current  menu  of  the  [10Xpq[110X  process (the [10Xpq[110X program is managed by
        various  menus,  the details of which the user shouldn't normally need
        to know about -- the [10Xmenu[110X field remembers which menu the [10Xpq[110X process is
        currently [21Xin[121X);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xoutfname[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis  the  file  to  which  [10Xpq[110X  output  is  directed,  which  is  always
        [10XANUPQData.outfile[110X,  except  when  option  [10XSetupFile[110X  is  used  with  a
        non-interactive   function,   in   which   case  [10Xoutfname[110X  is  set  to
        [10X"PQ_OUTPUT"[110X;[133X
  
  [8X[10XpQuotient[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis  set  to the value returned by [10XPq[110X (see [2XPq[102X ([14X4.1-1[114X)) (the field [10XpQepi[110X
        is also set at the same time);[133X
  
  [8X[10XpQepi[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis  set  to  the  value  returned  by [10XPqEpimorphism[110X (see [2XPqEpimorphism[102X
        ([14X4.1-2[114X)) (the field [10XpQuotient[110X is also set at the same time);[133X
  
  [8X[10XpCover[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis set to the value returned by [10XPqPCover[110X (see [2XPqPCover[102X ([14X4.1-3[114X));[133X
  
  [8X[10XSP[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis   set   to   the   value   returned  by  [10XPqStandardPresentation[110X  or
        [10XStandardPresentation[110X  (see [2XPqStandardPresentation[102X ([14X5.3-4[114X)) when called
        interactively,  for process [3Xi[103X (the field [10XSPepi[110X is also set at the same
        time);[133X
  
  [8X[10XSPepi[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis  set  to the value returned by [10XEpimorphismPqStandardPresentation[110X or
        [10XEpimorphismStandardPresentation[110X (see [2XEpimorphismPqStandardPresentation[102X
        ([14X5.3-5[114X))  when  called  interactively,  for process [3Xi[103X (the field [10XSP[110X is
        also set at the same time);[133X
  
  [8X[10Xdescendants[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yis  set  to  the  value  returned  by [10XPqDescendants[110X (see [2XPqDescendants[102X
        ([14X4.4-1[114X));[133X
  
  [8X[10Xtreepos[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yif     set     by     a     call     to    [10XPqDescendantsTreeCoclassOne[110X
        (see [2XPqDescendantsTreeCoclassOne[102X  ([14XA.4-1[114X)),  it contains a record with
        fields  [10Xclass[110X, [10Xnode[110X and [10Xndes[110X being the information that determines the
        last descendant with a non-zero number of descendants processed;[133X
  
  [8X[10Xxgapsheet[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yif     set     by     a     call     to    [10XPqDescendantsTreeCoclassOne[110X
        (see [2XPqDescendantsTreeCoclassOne[102X  ([14XA.4-1[114X))  during an [5XXGAP[105X session, it
        contains  the  [5XXGAP[105X  [10XSheet[110X on which the descendants tree is displayed;
        and[133X
  
  [8X[10XnextX[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yif     set     by     a     call     to    [10XPqDescendantsTreeCoclassOne[110X
        (see [2XPqDescendantsTreeCoclassOne[102X  ([14XA.4-1[114X))  during an [5XXGAP[105X session, it
        contains   a  list  of  integers,  the  [3Xi[103Xth  entry  of  which  is  the
        [3Xx[103X-coordinate  of the next node (representing a descendant) for the [3Xi[103Xth
        class.[133X
  
  [1X3.2-2 ANUPQDirectoryTemporary[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XANUPQDirectoryTemporary[102X( [3Xdir[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Ycalls  the  UNIX command [10Xmkdir[110X to create [3Xdir[103X, which must be a string, and if
  successful  a  directory object for [3Xdir[103X is both assigned to [10XANUPQData.tmpdir[110X
  and  returned.  The  field  [10XANUPQData.outfile[110X  is  also  set to be a file in
  [10XANUPQData.tmpdir[110X, and on exit from [5XGAP[105X [3Xdir[103X is removed. Most users will never
  need  this  command; by default, [5XGAP[105X typically chooses a [21Xrandom[121X subdirectory
  of  [10X/tmp[110X for [10XANUPQData.tmpdir[110X which may occasionally have limits on what may
  be  written  there.  [10XANUPQDirectoryTemporary[110X  permits  the  user to choose a
  directory (object) where one is not so limited.[133X
  
  
  [1X3.3 [33X[0;0YSetting the Verbosity of ANUPQ via Info and InfoANUPQ[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.3-1 InfoANUPQ[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XInfoANUPQ[102X[32X info class[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  input  to  and  the  output  from  the  [10Xpq[110X  program is, by default, not
  displayed.  However  the  user  may  choose  to  see  some,  or all, of this
  input/output.  This  is  done via the [10XInfo[110X mechanism (see Section [14XReference:
  Info  Functions[114X in the [5XGAP[105X Reference Manual). For this purpose, there is the
  [3XInfoClass[103X  [10XInfoANUPQ[110X. If the [10XInfoLevel[110X of [10XInfoANUPQ[110X is high enough each line
  of  [10Xpq[110X  input/output is directed to a call to [10XInfo[110X and will be displayed for
  the  user  to  see.  By  default, the [10XInfoLevel[110X of [10XInfoANUPQ[110X is 1, and it is
  recommended  that  you  leave it at this level, or higher. Messages that the
  user should presumably want to see and output from the [10Xpq[110X program influenced
  by the value of the option [10XOutputLevel[110X (see the options listed in Section [2XPq[102X
  ([14X4.1-1[114X)),  other  than  timing  and  memory  usage  are  directed to [10XInfo[110X at
  [10XInfoANUPQ[110X level 1.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YTo turn off [13Xall[113X [10XInfoANUPQ[110X messaging, set the [10XInfoANUPQ[110X level to 0.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThere are five other user-intended [10XInfoANUPQ[110X levels: 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, 2);[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yenables  the  display  of  most  timing  and  memory  usage data from the [10Xpq[110X
  program,  and  also  the  number  of  identity instances when the [10XIdentities[110X
  option  is  used.  (Some  timing  and  memory  usage data, particularly when
  profuse in quantity, is [10XInfo[110X-ed at [10XInfoANUPQ[110X level 3 instead.) Note that the
  the  [5XGAP[105X functions [10Xtime[110X and [10XRuntime[110X (see [2XRuntime[102X ([14XReference: Runtime[114X) in the
  [5XGAP[105X  Reference Manual) count the time spent by [5XGAP[105X and [13Xnot[113X the time spent by
  the (external) [10Xpq[110X program.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, 3);[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yenables  the display of output of the nature of the first two [10XInfoANUPQ[110X that
  was  not  directly  invoked  by  the user (e.g. some commands require [5XGAP[105X to
  discover  something  about  the  current state known to the [10Xpq[110X program). The
  identity  instances processed under the [10XIdentities[110X option are also displayed
  at  this  level.  In  some  cases,  the  [10Xpq[110X program produces a lot of output
  despite  the  fact  that  the [10XOutputLevel[110X (see [14X6.2[114X) is unset or is set to 0;
  such output is also [10XInfo[110X-ed at [10XInfoANUPQ[110X level 3.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, 4);[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yenables the display of all the commands directed to the [10Xpq[110X program, behind a
  [21X[10XToPQ>  [110X[121X  prompt  (so that you can distinguish it from the output from the [10Xpq[110X
  program).  See Section [14X'[33X[0;0YHints and Warnings regarding the use of Options[133X'[114X for
  an example of how this can be a useful troubleshooting tool.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, 5);[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yenables the display of the [10Xpq[110X program's prompts for input. Finally,[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, 6);[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yenables  the  display  of  all  other output from the [10Xpq[110X program, namely the
  banner and menus. However, the timing data printed when the [10Xpq[110X program exits
  can never be observed.[133X
  
  
  [1X3.4 [33X[0;0YUtility Functions[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.4-1 PqLeftNormComm[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPqLeftNormComm[102X( [3Xelts[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yreturns  for  a  list  of elements of some group (e.g. [3Xelts[103X may be a list of
  words in the generators of a free or fp group) the left normed commutator of
  [3Xelts[103X, e.g. if [3Xw1[103X, [3Xw2[103X, [3Xw3[103X are such elements then [10XPqLeftNormComm( [[3Xw1[103X[10X, [3Xw2[103X[10X, [3Xw3[103X[10X]
  );[110X is equivalent to [10XComm( Comm( [3Xw1[103X[10X, [3Xw2[103X[10X ), [3Xw3[103X[10X );[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XNote:[113X [3Xelts[103X must contain at least two elements.[133X
  
  [1X3.4-2 PqGAPRelators[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPqGAPRelators[102X( [3Xgroup[103X, [3Xrels[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yreturns  a  list of words that [5XGAP[105X understands, given a list [3Xrels[103X of strings
  in  the  string  representations  of  the  generators  of the fp group [3Xgroup[103X
  prepared as a list of relators for the [10Xpq[110X program.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XNote:[113X The [10Xpq[110X program does not use [10X/[110X to indicate multiplication by an inverse
  and  uses square brackets to represent (left normed) commutators. Also, even
  though  the  [10Xpq[110X  program  accepts relations, all elements of [3Xrels[103X [13Xmust[113X be in
  relator form, i.e. a relation of form [10X[3Xw1[103X[10X = [3Xw2[103X[10X[110X must be written as [10X[3Xw1[103X[10X*([3Xw2[103X[10X)^-1[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YHere is an example:[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XF := FreeGroup("a", "b");[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<free group on the generators [ a, b ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPqGAPRelators(F, [ "a*b^2", "[a,b]^2*a", "([a,b,a,b,b]*a*b)^2*a" ]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ a*b^2, a^-1*b^-1*a*b*a^-1*b^-1*a*b*a, b^-1*a^-1*b^-1*a^-1*b*a*b^-1*a*b*a^[128X[104X
    [4X[28X    -1*b*a^-1*b^-1*a*b*a*b^-1*a^-1*b^-1*a^-1*b*a*b^-1*a*b^-1*a^-1*b*a^-1*b^[128X[104X
    [4X[28X    -1*a*b*a*b*a^-1*b*a*b^-1*a*b*a^-1*b*a^-1*b^-1*a*b*a*b^-1*a^-1*b^-1*a^[128X[104X
    [4X[28X    -1*b*a*b^-1*a*b^-1*a^-1*b*a^-1*b^-1*a*b*a*b^2*a*b*a ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.4-3 PqParseWord[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPqParseWord[102X( [3Xword[103X, [3Xn[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yparses  a [3Xword[103X, a string representing a word in the pc generators [10Xx1,...,x[3Xn[103X[10X[110X,
  through  [5XGAP[105X.  This  function is provided as a rough-and-ready check of [3Xword[103X
  for  syntax  errors. A syntax error will cause the entering of a [10Xbreak[110X-loop,
  in  which  the  error  message  may  or  may not be meaningful (depending on
  whether the syntax error gets caught at the [5XGAP[105X or kernel level).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XNote:[113X  The  reason the generators [13Xmust[113X be [10Xx1,...,x[3Xn[103X[10X[110X is that these are the pc
  generator names used by the [10Xpq[110X program (as distinct from the generator names
  for the group provided by the user to a function like [10XPq[110X that invokes the [10Xpq[110X
  program).[133X
  
  [1X3.4-4 PqExample[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPqExample[102X(  ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPqExample[102X( [3Xexample[103X[, [3XPqStart[103X][, [3XDisplay[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPqExample[102X( [3Xexample[103X[, [3XPqStart[103X][, [3Xfilename[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWith no arguments, or with single argument [10X"index"[110X, or a string [3Xexample[103X that
  is  not  the name of a file in the [10Xexamples[110X directory, an index of available
  examples is displayed.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWith  just  the  one  argument  [3Xexample[103X  that  is  the name of a file in the
  [10Xexamples[110X  directory,  the  example contained in that file is executed in its
  simplest form. Some examples accept options which you may use to modify some
  of  the  options  used  in  the  commands  of the example. To find out which
  options  an  example  accepts,  use one of the mechanisms for displaying the
  example described below.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSome  examples  have  both non-interactive and interactive forms; those that
  are  non-interactive  only  have  a  name  ending  in  [10X-ni[110X;  those  that are
  interactive  only have a name ending in [10X-i[110X; examples with names ending in [10X.g[110X
  also  have  only  one form; all other examples have both non-interactive and
  interactive  forms  and  for these giving [10XPqStart[110X as second argument invokes
  [10XPqStart[110X  initially and makes the appropriate adjustments so that the example
  is executed or displayed using interactive functions.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf [10XPqExample[110X is called with last (second or third) argument [10XDisplay[110X then the
  example  is  displayed  without  being  executed.  If the last argument is a
  non-empty  string  [3Xfilename[103X then the example is also displayed without being
  executed  but  is  also  written  to a file with that name. Passing an empty
  string as last argument has the same effect as passing [10XDisplay[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XNote:[113X The variables used in [10XPqExample[110X are local to the running of [10XPqExample[110X,
  so there's no danger of having some of your variables over-written. However,
  they   are   not  completely  lost  either.  They  are  saved  to  a  record
  [10XANUPQData.examples.vars[110X,  i.e. if  [10XF[110X  is a variable used in the example then
  you   will   be   able   to  access  it  after  [10XPqExample[110X  has  finished  as
  [10XANUPQData.examples.vars.F[110X.[133X
  
  [1X3.4-5 AllPqExamples[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XAllPqExamples[102X(  ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yreturns  a  list of all currently available examples in default UNIX-listing
  (i.e. alphabetic) order.[133X
  
  [1X3.4-6 GrepPqExamples[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XGrepPqExamples[102X( [3Xstring[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yruns  the  UNIX  command [10Xgrep [3Xstring[103X[10X[110X over the [5XANUPQ[105X examples and returns the
  list  of examples for which there is a match. The actual matches are [10XInfo[110X-ed
  at [10XInfoANUPQ[110X level 2.[133X
  
  [1X3.4-7 ToPQLog[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XToPQLog[102X( [[3Xfilename[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWith string argument [3Xfilename[103X, [10XToPQLog[110X opens the file with name [3Xfilename[103X for
  logging;  all  commands  written to the [10Xpq[110X binary (that are [10XInfo[110X-ed behind a
  [21X[10XToPQ>  [110X[121X prompt at [10XInfoANUPQ[110X level 4) are then also written to that file (but
  without  prompts).  With no argument, [10XToPQLog[110X stops logging to whatever file
  was  being  logged  to.  If a file was already being logged to, that file is
  closed and the file with name [3Xfilename[103X is opened for logging.[133X
  
  
  [1X3.5 [33X[0;0YAttributes and a Property for fp and pc p-groups[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.5-1 NuclearRank[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNuclearRank[102X( [3XG[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMultiplicatorRank[102X( [3XG[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIsCapable[102X( [3XG[103X ) [32X property[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yreturn  the  nuclear  rank of [3XG[103X, [22Xp[122X-multiplicator rank of [3XG[103X, and whether [3XG[103X is
  capable (i.e. [9Xtrue[109X if it is, or [9Xfalse[109X if it is not), respectively.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThese  attributes  and  property  are  set  automatically if [3XG[103X is one of the
  following:[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yan fp group returned by [10XPqStandardPresentation[110X or [10XStandardPresentation[110X
        (see [2XPqStandardPresentation[102X ([14X4.2-1[114X));[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Ythe   image   (fp   group)   of   the   epimorphism   returned  by  an
        [10XEpimorphismPqStandardPresentation[110X  or  [10XEpimorphismStandardPresentation[110X
        call (see [2XEpimorphismPqStandardPresentation[102X ([14X4.2-2[114X)); or[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yone  of  the  pc  groups  of  the  list  of  descendants  returned  by
        [10XPqDescendants[110X (see [2XPqDescendants[102X ([14X4.4-1[114X)).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XG[103X  is  an  fp  group  or  a  pc [22Xp[122X-group and not one of the above and the
  attribute   or   property   has   not   otherwise   been  set  for  [3XG[103X,  then
  [10XPqStandardPresentation[110X   is   called   to  set  all  three  of  [10XNuclearRank[110X,
  [10XMultiplicatorRank[110X and [10XIsCapable[110X, before returning the value of the attribute
  or  property actually called. Such a group [3XG[103X must know in advance that it is
  a  [22Xp[122X-group; this is the case for the groups returned by the functions [10XPq[110X and
  [10XPqPCover[110X,  and the image group of the epimorphism returned by [10XPqEpimorphism[110X.
  Otherwise,  if  you  know the group to be a [22Xp[122X-group, then this can be set by
  typing[133X
  
  [4X[32X[104X
    [4XSetIsPGroup( G, true );[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yor  by  invoking  [10XIsPGroup( [3XG[103X[10X )[110X. Note that for an fp group [3XG[103X, the latter may
  result  in  a  coset  enumeration  which might not terminate in a reasonable
  time.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XNote:[113X  For  [3XG[103X such that [10XHasNuclearRank([3XG[103X[10X) = true[110X, [10XIsCapable([3XG[103X[10X)[110X is equivalent
  to (the truth or falsity of) [10XNuclearRank( [3XG[103X[10X ) = 0[110X.[133X
  
  
  [1X3.6 [33X[0;0YHints and Warnings regarding the use of Options[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YOn a first reading we recommend you skip this section and come back to it if
  and when you run into trouble.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XNote:[113X  By [21Xoptions[121X we refer to [5XGAP[105X options. The [10Xpq[110X program also uses the term
  [21Xoption[121X;  to  distinguish the two usages of [21Xoption[121X, in this manual we use the
  term [13Xmenu item[113X to refer to what the [10Xpq[110X program refers to as an [21Xoption[121X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YOptions  are  passed  to  the [5XANUPQ[105X interface functions in either of the two
  usual mechanisms provided by [5XGAP[105X, namely:[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yoptions  may  be  set  globally  using  the  function [10XPushOptions[110X (see
        Chapter [14XReference: Options Stack[114X in the [5XGAP[105X Reference Manual); or[133X
  
  [30X    [33X[0;6Yoptions  may  be  appended  to the argument list of any function call,
        separated  by  a  colon from the argument list (see Chapter [14XReference:
        Function  Calls[114X  in  the [5XGAP[105X Reference Manual), in which case they are
        then  passed  on  recursively  to  any subsequent inner function call,
        which may in turn have options of their own.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YParticularly,   when   one   is   using   the   interactive   functions   of
  Chapter [14X'[33X[0;0YInteractive  ANUPQ  functions[133X'[114X, one should, in general, avoid using
  the  global method of passing options. In fact, it is recommended that prior
  to  calling  [10XPqStart[110X  the  [10XOptionsStack[110X be empty. The essential problem with
  setting  options  globally  using  the  function [10XPushOptions[110X is that options
  pushed  onto  [10XOptionsStack[110X,  in  this way, (generally) remain there until an
  explicit [10XPopOptions()[110X call is made.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  contrast,  options  passed  in  the usual way behind a colon following a
  function's  arguments  (see [14XReference: Function Call With Options[114X in the [5XGAP[105X
  Reference  Manual)  are  local,  and  disappear  from [10XOptionsStack[110X after the
  function  has  executed  successfully.  If  the  function  does  [13Xnot[113X execute
  successfully, i.e. it runs into error and the user [9Xquit[109Xs the resulting [10Xbreak[110X
  loop  (see  Section [14XReference:  Break  Loops[114X in the Reference Manual) rather
  than  attempting  to  repair the problem and typing [10Xreturn;[110X then, unless the
  error  at  the  kernel  level,  the  [10XOptionsStack[110X  is  reset. If an error is
  detected  inside the kernel (hopefully, this should occur only rarely, if at
  all)   then   the  options  of  that  function  will  [13Xnot[113X  be  cleared  from
  [10XOptionsStack[110X; in such cases:[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XResetOptionsStack();[127X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Options stack is already empty[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Yis    usually    necessary    (see   Chapter [2XResetOptionsStack[102X   ([14XReference:
  ResetOptionsStack[114X)  in  the  [5XGAP[105X  Reference Manual), which recursively calls
  [10XPopOptions()[110X  until [10XOptionsStack[110X is empty, or as in the above case warns you
  that the [10XOptionsStack[110X is already empty.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that a function, that is passed options after the colon, will also see
  any  global  options  or  any options passed down recursively from functions
  calling  that  function,  unless  those  options  are over-ridden by options
  passed  via  the  function.  Also, note that duplication of option names for
  different  programs  may lead to misinterpretations, and mis-spelled options
  will not be [21Xseen[121X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  non-interactive  functions of Chapter [14X'[33X[0;0YNon-interactive ANUPQ functions[133X'[114X
  that  have  [10XPq[110X  somewhere  in  their  name  provide an alternative method of
  passing  options  as  additional  arguments.  This  has  the advantages that
  options can be abbreviated and mis-spelled options will be trapped.[133X
  
  [1X3.6-1 ANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions[102X[32X global variable[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Yis a global variable that is by default [9Xfalse[109X. If it is set to [9Xtrue[109X then any
  function provided by the [5XANUPQ[105X function that recognises at least one option,
  will  warn  you  of  [21Xother[121X  options, i.e. options that the function does not
  recognise.  These  warnings are emitted at [10XInfoWarning[110X or [10XInfoANUPQ[110X level 1.
  This  is  useful for detecting mis-spelled options. Here is an example using
  the   function   [10XPq[110X   (first  described  in  Chapter [14X'[33X[0;0YNon-interactive  ANUPQ
  functions[133X'[114X):[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, 1);        # Set InfoANUPQ to default level[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions := true;;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27X# The following makes entry into break loops very ``quiet'' ...[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XOnBreak := function() Where(0); end;;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XF := FreeGroup( "a", "b" );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<free group on the generators [ a, b ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPq( F : Prime := 2, Classbound := 1 );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ANUPQ Warning: Options: [ "Classbound" ] ignored[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  (invalid for generic function: `Pq').[128X[104X
    [4X[28Xuser interrupt at[128X[104X
    [4X[28XmoreOfline := ReadLine( iostream );[128X[104X
    [4X[28XEntering break read-eval-print loop ...[128X[104X
    [4X[28Xyou can 'quit;' to quit to outer loop, or[128X[104X
    [4X[28Xyou can 'return;' to continue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YHere  we  mistyped  [10XClassBound[110X  as  [10XClassbound[110X, and after seeing the [10XInfo[110X-ed
  warning  that  [10XClassbound[110X was ignored, we typed a [3Xcontrol[103X-C (that's the [21X[10Xuser
  interrupt  at[110X[121X message) which took us into a break loop. Since the [10XPq[110X command
  was  not  able  to  finish, the options [10XPrime[110X and [10XClassbound[110X, in particular,
  will still be on the [10XOptionsStack[110X:[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[26Xbrk>[126X [27XOptionsStack;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ rec( Prime := 2, Classbound := 1 ), [128X[104X
    [4X[28X  rec( Prime := 2, Classbound := 1, PqEpiOrPCover := "pQuotient" ) ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe option [10XPqEpiOrPCover[110X is a behind-the-scenes option that need not concern
  the user. On [9Xquit[109Xting the [10Xbreak[110X-loop the [10XOptionsStack[110X is reset and a warning
  telling you this is emitted:[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[26Xbrk>[126X [27Xquit; # to get back to the `gap>' prompt[127X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Options stack has been reset[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YAbove, we altered [10XOnBreak[110X (see [2XOnBreak[102X ([14XReference: OnBreak[114X) in the Reference
  manual)  to  reduce  the  back-tracing  on  entry  into a break loop. We now
  restore [10XOnBreak[110X to its usual value.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XOnBreak := Where;;[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XNotes[113X[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  cases  where  functions  recursively call others with options (e.g. when
  using  [10XPqExample[110X  with options), setting [10XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions := true[110X may
  give rise to spurious [21Xother[121X option detections.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt  is  recommended that the novice user set [10XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions[110X to [9Xtrue[109X
  in their [10Xgap.ini[110X file (see Section [14X'[33X[0;0YLoading the ANUPQ Package[133X'[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XOther Troubleshooting Strategies[113X[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThere  are  some  other strategies which may have helped us to see our error
  above.  The function [10XPq[110X recognises the option [10XOutputLevel[110X (see [14X6.2[114X); if this
  option  is  set  to  at least 1, the [10Xpq[110X program provides information on each
  class quotient as it is generated:[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XANUPQWarnOfOtherOptions := false;; # Set back to normal[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XF := FreeGroup( "a", "b" );;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPq( F : Prime := 2, Classbound := 1, OutputLevel := 1 ); [127X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Lower exponent-2 central series for [grp][128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 1 has order 2^2[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 2 has order 2^5[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 3 has order 2^10[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 4 has order 2^18[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 5 has order 2^32[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 6 has order 2^55[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 7 has order 2^96[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 8 has order 2^167[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 9 has order 2^294[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 10 has order 2^520[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 11 has order 2^932[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  Group: [grp] to lower exponent-2 central class 12 has order 2^1679[128X[104X
    [4X[28X[... output truncated ...][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YAfter  seeing  the  information for the class 2 quotient we may have got the
  idea  that  the  [10XClassbound[110X  option was not recognised and may have realised
  that  this  was  due  to a mis-spelling. The above will ordinarily cause the
  available  space  to be exhausted, necessitating user-intervention by typing
  [3Xcontrol[103X-C and [10Xquit;[110X (to escape the break loop); otherwise [10XPq[110X terminates when
  the class reaches 63 (the default value of [10XClassBound[110X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  you  have  some familiarity with [21Xkeyword[121X command input to the [10Xpq[110X binary,
  then  setting  the  level  of  [10XInfoANUPQ[110X  to  4  would also have indicated a
  problem:[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XResetOptionsStack(); # Necessary, if a break-loop was entered above[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSetInfoLevel(InfoANUPQ, 4);[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPq( F : Prime := 2, Classbound := 1 );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> 7  #to (Main) p-Quotient Menu[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> 1  #define group[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> name [grp][128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> prime 2[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> class 63[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> exponent 0[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> output 0[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> generators { a,b }[128X[104X
    [4X[28X#I  ToPQ> relators   {  };[128X[104X
    [4X[28X[... output truncated ...][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YHere  the  line  [21X[10X#I  ToPQ>  class  63[110X[121X  indicates that a directive to set the
  classbound to 63 was sent to the [10Xpq[110X program.[133X
  
